Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:10 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

The world leaders agreed to make the world a better place by year 2030 through the Sustainable Development Goals and targets. This however cannot be achieved in Nigeria except we are proactive about some cultural practices that negatively affect the girl child.  Child Marriage and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) are two deep-rooted Harmful Traditional Practices (HTPs) that have prevailed in Nigeria for a long time. This paper discusses the recurring and prevalence patterns of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in South West and South-East Nigeria and Child Marriage in Northern Nigeria as major obstacles to the achievement of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Sustainable Development Goal 1: Ending all forms poverty; Goal 3: General health and wellbeing; Goal 4: Accessing quality education and; Goal 5: Gender equality and women empowerment are directly affected by these cultural practices. Except measures are taken to checkmate HTPs of this sort, women and girls optimum advancement and progress will continue to be hampered.

Social identity is a constant and permanent process that changes social situations based on individual experiences in these situations. Religious and ethnic identities are two dimensions of social identity that are of great importance in Iranian society. Due to the ethnic diversity in Iran and the proximity of ethnic cultures through migration, ethnic identity is noticeable. Religious identity also is important on account of the scope that covers social, cultural, and political spheres. The results which are profited from symbolic co-activation indicated that religious and ethnic identities had different averages among students based on variables of civil disobedience, the influence of mass media, and cultural components, such as values and norms. Since student’s social status was identical, the average ethnic and religious identities didn’t show any significant difference at the 95% confidence level. Religious identity didn’t have different averages based on the degree of compliance concerning individual expectations and demands with social opportunity; this is due to the sphere in which religion is influential. However, ethnic identity has secured different averages based on these variables. Therefore, although religious identity, like ethnic identity, considers as one of the dimensions of social identity, its influence on identification based on role-taking is greater than other dimensions of social identity.

Social scientists strongly believe that cultural norms and values shape, stimulate, direct, and influence all activities of human societies. This study attempts to provide a sociological analysis of cultural components, in particular the content of the proverbs included in Dehkhoda's Amsal va Hekam (Proverbs and Parables) and their role in Iran's underdevelopment. This book was chosen because it is by far the most comprehensive book in this regard with more than fifty thousand proverbs. Through a content analysis of all these proverbs using the qualitative content analysis approach, the researcher concluded that 2510 proverbs were related to development, of which 894 proverbs (35%) conveyed development-consistent concepts and 1616 others (65%) conveyed anti-development concepts. In addition, using the field study method and interviews with 40 people with relatively good knowledge of proverbs, it was shown that 276 proverbs contained development-related concepts, of which 64 proverbs (23%) conveyed development-consistent and 212 others (77%) conveyed anti-development concepts. It was concluded that a considerable number of the proverbs conveyed concepts such as fatalism, a lack of innovativeness, death, misogyny, contentment, and so on. Obviously, such a culture in the community leads to passivity of its members. Given the unquestionable role of cultural factors in human activities and that of cultural components such as proverbs in Iran's underdevelopment process, cultural planners need to pay more attention to these factors and provide appropriate solutions to reduce the negative effects of the development-impeding proverbs as well as other similar cultural components in society.

This study seeks to identify, analyze and strengths of policies related to children with disabilities in Iran, the Islamic world and the international level From Sociological Point of view that can finally provide interventions to improve the situation of children with disabilities in Iran. Research method is qualitative and research approaches are also exploratory and content analysis. After identifying the documents related to the research topic and issue, we first studied them and then analyzed them by a qualitative coding method. The results show that, internationally, the Islamic Covenant on the Rights of the Child and the internal laws and regulations of Iranian society, society and the structure of political power are responsible for the formulation and implementation of supportive policies for children with disabilities, and all policy makers To reduce the damage, rehabilitation and treatment are handicapped. Therefore, they are considered to be a 'posteriori strategy' for the disabled. However, in Islamic religion, with Shiism as the dominant religion in Iran, addressing the child is potentially childish, not actual. This means that the children of the next generation in the present generation are considered and “foreseeable”. It is as if the early childhood debate surrounding the issue and the need to respect children's rights, history and generations, is a matter of "transhistorical" and "Franciscan". Islam emphasizes "the future and the future" and observes the potential rights of future generations and has a "preventive" approach. Therefore, the dominant strategy of the teachings of Islam in relation to children with disabilities dominates the "a priori and a posteriori strategy". "Social responsibility" is a central concept that is multifaceted and dispersed at all levels of society, not limited to the dominant power of government.

Sustainable development is about balancing the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions of development, which the complexity of dimensions’ sectors requires considerations of development stage and futurism .In developing countries like Iran, overlooking the environmental social responsibility dimensions of sustainable development in governmental organizations have undermined their performances and credibility. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to provide an implementation model of Sustainable Development strategies based on Corporate Social Responsibility and Green Management in executive bodies. This is a developmental-applied research with a comparative-inductive logic for data collection and descriptive method research. The statistical population consists of two groups of experts with sample size of 32 persons and managers and deputies of provincial executive bodies with sample of 360 persons. Data were collected using a questionnaire and field survey; Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used for data analysis and SPSS and AMOS were used for modelling structural equations. The reliability of the research was studied by a survey filled by university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results approved the suggested model and showed that corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant association with green management and accountability. In other words, corporate social responsibility can predict green management in the executive organizations. Based on the experts’ opinions, corporate social responsibility (the leadership component and internal organizational processes), Green Management (leadership component) and accountability (organizational accountability) have the highest importance among all factors in this research.

Peace is a universal cause and one of the most important needs of our time and forms the foundation of human life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between respect for others and its role in the development of international peace and friendship. In the first phase and in the qualitative phase, the statistical population consisted of all elites of Olympic sport and population of 12 persons. In this phase, the researcher collected qualitative information through direct observation and face to face interviews with the elites upon completion of the interview and reaching saturation. Consensus on the responses was interrupted and the initial questionnaire designed and repeatedly validated by experts to verify the content and formal validity of the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, 37 senior athletic directors in the Olympic field were selected by random sampling. By eliminating items whose factor loadings were less than 0.5, out of 12 items, 4 items were deleted. The significance of the coefficients and parameters obtained shows that the model of measuring the variables now reflects respect for others and the development of peace. The presence of a significant relationship is confirmed. The result of dividing the chi-square index by the degree of freedom is 2.70 which is acceptable compared to the critical value of 5 indices. The root mean square error of estimation error (RMSEA) of this model is 0.070 with a RMSEA threshold of 0.08. GFI, AGFI and NFI indices were 0.92, 0.92 and 0.93, respectively, indicating a very good fit. As the values ​​of these indices are above 0.9, they indicate good fit to the model. According to the results and analysis of previous research and documentation, the impact of institutionalizing respect for others and promoting international peace and friendship is inevitable. Further research is needed in this area.

The present research has been conducted in two quantitative and qualitative sections. In the qualitative section, and based on Grounded Theory, the organizational social coherence model was presented. In the quantitative section, the data obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics including structural equations and through the SPSS and Warp PLS software. According to the results of the research model, the goals orientation (0.880) in the strategy section, organizing (0.855) in the category orientation section, the social coherence workgroup (0.854) in the context section, organizational harmony (0.895) in the causal conditions section, the political behaviors management (0.934) in the intervener section, and conflict management (0.916) in the consequences section had the highest impact coefficient. From the results of the goodness of fit index, the score of GOF index of the research model was obtained equal to 0.613, which indicates the strong desirability of the model. Also, according to the comparison performed, it was specified that the proposed model has the ability to distinguish social coherence in organizations with different coherence.

Often human beings are the most important factor in achieving organizational goals in organizational systems, especially cultural heritage, handicrafts, and tourism, , because other resources available to the organization alone cannot achieve organizational goals, and many factors affect human beings to develop institution. Therefore, the current paper aims at investigating the factors affecting the efficiency and development of cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism institution.  We will examine the cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism institution, following the explanation of  the conceptual space of the research subject. According to the thematic documents presented in the paper, this is a descriptive-analytical paper. Data was collected using library sources. The findings indicate that various contexts and factors have been influential in the efficiency and development of cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism institution. The development and structural changes of the cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism institution‎ have been affected by the cultural, social, political and economic developments and events.